GAZelle vehicles are equipped with UMZ and ZMZ engines, however, in recent years, power units of the ZMZ-406 series have been given the greatest preference. One of the most modern motors in this line is the ZMZ-40630A - its design, characteristics, features and maintenance are described in the article.
General view of the ZMZ-40630A engine
The ZMZ-406 engine line has been produced by the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant since 1997, during which time the power unit has received the widest distribution (more than one and a half million units have been manufactured), fame and popularity among motorists. The current engine modifications have gone far from the original 406 engine, they have excellent performance, high reliability and quality, thanks to which they have won a serious market share.
ZMZ-40630A is one of the latest engine modifications with improved performance. This is a carbureted four-cylinder in-line engine with a working volume of 2.3 liters and a power of 98 hp, designed for the use of A-92 (AI-93) gasoline. The gas distribution mechanism of the motor is a two-shaft 16-valve, both shafts are located in the upper part of the cylinder head. The motor is equipped with a modern microprocessor ignition system. The power unit is equipped with a K-151D carburetor, which replaced the early Solexes.
The 406 engine has been in production since 1996. He managed to establish himself as a simple and fairly reliable power unit. In terms of reliability, this engine is not inferior, and in some cases exceeds 402. This engine is the real pride of the plant.
History of creation
The first prototypes of the unit appeared in 1982-84. It was a planned development of NIIT "AvtoProm". During the construction of the 406, Soviet engineers took the sports Saab 900 as a basis. A little later, foreign workers remade the Saab a little, but there are similarities.
In 1990, the 406 engine was already fully constructed. It has finally found its final form. In 1992, a special workshop was launched at ZMZ, where a new family of engines was produced in small batches.
The first experimental prototypes of engines of this family were installed on small patrol boats. Then the 406th seriously interested the workers of GAZ. In March 1996, Volga and Gazelle began to be equipped with these units.
Design
So, the 406 engine is a 16-valve, four-cylinder, in-line gasoline engine. It was equipped with an electronic injection control system. As mentioned above, they were installed on GAZ 3110 and 3302 cars.
This engine has design features. These are camshafts located at the top in the cylinder head. Each cylinder had 4 valves. Engineers have significantly increased the compression ratio. Now it was 9.3. This was achieved by replacing the combustion chamber with centrally located spark plugs and by using a new injection system. Even in the new engine, the usual carburetor power system was replaced.
So, it was possible to significantly increase the power and torque of this unit. At the same time, fuel consumption has decreased, and exhaust toxicity has also decreased. However, among motorists and in articles that were published in reputable automotive magazines, there were rumors and information slipped that the power of the Volga 406 car (the ZMZ engine was also installed on it) was artificially overestimated.
Design features
To make the operation of this power unit more reliable after the increase in power, the following design features were applied by engineers. Let's take a look at them.
Cylinder block
It was made by casting from cast iron, and not from aluminum, as in previous versions. The head of the 406 engine did not have insert sleeves, but was distinguished by higher rigidity, stable clearances. Engineers deliberately reduced the piston stroke to 86 mm. The mass of the piston and pin was also reduced. For their manufacture, more modern and technologically advanced materials were used. Also, the crankshaft, connecting rods and other parts were made from high-quality materials.
Camshaft drive
It is a chain drive failure, equipped with automatic hydraulic tensioners. In the valve mechanism, the designers used hydraulic pushers. Now there is no need for constant adjustment of the gaps.
However, the hydraulics, and the fact that the 406 engine is now uprated, require the use of a better oil. Therefore, now the motor is equipped with an improved oil filter with additional elements for cleaning.
Control system
The complex control of the unit has the functions of controlling the ignition, and also makes it possible to more accurately dose the fuel supply and adjust the ignition angle. Now, with various operating modes, you can get optimal performance in terms of power, efficiency and toxicity.
Engine 406: specifications
So, as already mentioned, this is a gasoline 4-stroke in-line engine. The cylinder diameter is 90 mm. The cylinders have a volume of 2.3 liters. The compression ratio of the engine is 9.3. The cylinders work in the order 1-3-4-2. The crankshaft rotates to the right. The power that this engine is capable of is 110 hp. With. The engine runs on 92-octane gasoline. The power system is carried out by injection into the pipe.
The lubrication system in this unit is combined. Oil is sprayed onto the friction parts forcibly, under pressure. Motor cooling - liquid, forced.
Carburetor or injector?
Many drivers are faced with a choice between two options. This is because old designs are being replaced by new fuel injected engines everywhere. The 406th and 405th units are put on heavy vehicles. They are equipped with "Volga", UAZ, "Gazelle". These cars need power, and this motor can provide it.
Disadvantages of a carburetor
If we compare the 406 engine (carburetor) and its injection relative, then the first one will noticeably lose in terms of power and performance. It's all about the carburetor power system. In this case, the fuel enters the cylinders not forcibly, but as the speed increases. That is why such units have lower power and acceleration characteristics than their injection counterparts. On such internal combustion engines, power is supplied by a forced scheme. At the same time, the injection dose is as accurate as possible. It is calculated electronically. And here the fuel will go directly into the cylinders. If you force the throttle to open as sharply as possible, then the mixture will not become poorer, as it would be with a carburetor. This allows us to talk about the best dynamic qualities.
In addition, the 406 engine (carburetor), according to drivers and owners, is economical. In this case, it is very difficult to adjust the exact dosage of fuel. Many seriously believe that this is almost impossible. In different modes, a different mixture of fuel and air will be supplied to the unit. This will lead to a decrease in power and increased consumption.
However, despite all the negative qualities, this engine also has advantages. This is the reliability of the carburetor. The maximum that can happen to him is clogging. So, it will not be difficult to disassemble and clean the jets, wherever the car is.
Advantages of the injector
As you can see, the 406 injector engine is far superior to its carbureted counterpart in terms of power and economy. However, the main advantage of just such an installation is reliability.
These motors do not need to be adjusted. They don't often refuse to work. There are no jets as a class, so nothing will clog in the power system. Fuel will flow directly into the cylinders. In addition, it is very economical.
But even here, not everything is so good and rosy. The injector has its pitfalls. If the car breaks down on the way, the driver is unlikely to be able to fix it on his own. Numerous reviews speak of this.
The operation of such motors is fully controlled by electronics. Therefore, in the event of failure of at least one of the sensors, this will necessarily affect the performance of the motor. Of course, if it is possible to install imported elements and regularly carry out maintenance, then the 406 engine (injector) will only please its owner.
Major failures and maintainability
The engine is quite maintainable, like all products of the Zavolzhsky plant. The crankshaft can be ground, the cylinder block can be bored. The cast iron head is no longer so sensitive to low-quality antifreeze.
Like many modern power units, this motor requires only high-quality oil. Its design is made in such a way that the unit itself has become very picky. Many drivers often complain about the increased oil consumption on such engines.
Repair of a 406 engine is a costly and very serious matter. Many motorists prefer to give it to specialists. However, all work on the repair of this unit is described in detail in many articles and books.
Conclusion
Although the 406 motors are no longer produced, they will be used for a very long time. After all, it was this engine that was serially installed on such cars as the Volga and Gazelle. Therefore, its relevance will not fade for at least the next 10 years.
Family ZMZ-406 is a gasoline automobile internal combustion engine manufactured by OAO Zavolzhsky Motor Plant.
Prototypes have been assembled since 1992, in mass production since 1997.
Fuel injection was used for the first time.
This family of engines was widely used on cars of the Gorky Automobile Plant, such as: Volga -3102, 31029, 3110 and GAZelle.
The flagship of the family - ZMZ-4062.10 - a 16-valve engine with a volume of 2.28 liters, capable of developing power up to 150 hp.
The ZMZ-4062.10 engine is designed for installation on cars middle class and minibuses.
Engines ZMZ-4061.10, ZMZ-4063.10 are designed for installation on trucks light-duty type "Gazelle" and minibuses.
Specifications
| Parameter name | ZMZ-4062 | ZMZ-4061 | ZMZ-4063 | ZMZ-4052 | ZMZ-409 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working volume, l | 2,3 | 2,46 | 2,69 | ||
| Cylinder diameter, mm | 92 | 95,5 | |||
| Piston stroke, mm | 86 | 94 | |||
| Compression ratio | 9,1 | 8,0 | 9,5 | 9,3 | 9,0 |
| Supply system | Injection | Carburetor | Injection | ||
| Rated power, kW (hp) | 110,3 (150) | 73,5 (100) | 80,9 (110) | 118,8 (152) | 105 (142,8) |
| 5200 | 4500 | 4500 | 5200 | 4400 | |
| Max. torque, N*m (kgf*m) | 206 (21) | 181,5 (18,5) | 191,3 (19,5) | 210,0 (21,5) | 230 (23,5) |
| Speed at nom. power, min-1 | 5200 | 4500 | 4500 | 5200 | 4400 |
| Speed at max. torque, min-1 | 4000 | 3500 | 3500 | 4300 | 3900 |
| Idling speed, min-1 (min + -50 / max) | 800 / 6000 | 750 / 6000 | 850 / 6000 | 850 / 5000 | |
| Minimum specific fuel consumption, g/kW*h (g/hp*h) | 252 (185) | 273 (200) | 265 (195) | ||
| The order of operation of the cylinders | 1-3-4-2 | ||||
| Oil consumption for waste, % of fuel consumption | 0,3 | 0,4 | 0,3 | ||
| Weight of the engine supplied by the factory, kg | 187 | 185 | 187 | 190 | |
Engines ZMZ-4061, ZMZ-4063
- carburetor, four-cylinder, in-line with a microprocessor ignition control system.
A general view of the engines is shown in Figure 1 and 3.
The cross section of the engines is shown in Figure 2.
Picture 1.
Engines of the ZMZ-4061 and ZMZ-4063 models (view from the left side)
- drain plug;
- oil sump;
- an exhaust manifold;
- engine support bracket;
- coolant drain valve;
- water pump;
- coolant emergency temperature sensor;
- coolant temperature indicator sensor;
- engine temperature sensor;
- thermostat housing;
- emergency oil pressure sensor;
- oil pressure indicator sensor;
- oil level indicator (dipstick);
- ignition coil
Figure 2.
- 1 - oil sump;
- 2 - oil pump receiver;
- 3 - oil pump;
- 4 - oil pump drive;
- 5 - intermediate shaft gear;
- 6 - cylinder block;
- 7 - inlet pipe;
- 8 - ventilation pipes;
- 9 - intake camshaft;
- 10 - inlet valve;
- 11 - valve cover;
- 12 - exhaust camshaft;
- 13 - oil level indicator (dipstick);
- 14 - hydraulic valve pusher;
- 15 - outer spring of the valve;
- 16 - valve guide sleeve;
- 17 - exhaust valve;
- 18 - cylinder head;
- 19 - exhaust manifold;
- 20 - piston;
- 21 - piston pin;
- 22 - connecting rod;
- 23 - crankshaft;
- 24 - connecting rod cover;
- 25 - main bearing cap;
- 26 - drain plug;
- 27 - pusher body;
- 28 - guide sleeve;
- 29 - compensator housing;
- 30 - retaining ring;
- 31 - compensator piston;
- 32 - ball valve;
- 33 - ball valve spring;
- 34 - body of the ball valve;
- 35 - expanding spring
Figure 3
- synchronization disk;
- synchronization sensor;
- oil filter;
- starter;
- knock sensor;
- coolant drain pipe from the heater;
- inlet pipe;
- chain tensioner;
- generator;
- generator belt;
- water pump pulley;
- tension roller;
- gasoline pump
The main design features of the engines are the upper (in the cylinder head) arrangement of two camshafts with the installation of four valves per cylinder (two intake and two exhaust), an increase in the compression ratio to 9.3 due to the combustion chamber with a central location of the candle.
These technical solutions made it possible to increase the maximum power and maximum torque, reduce fuel consumption and reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases.
To improve reliability, the engine uses a cast-iron cylinder block without insert liners, which has high rigidity and more stable clearances in friction pairs, the piston stroke is reduced to 86 mm, the mass of the piston and piston pin is reduced, better materials are used for the crankshaft, connecting rods, connecting rod bolts , piston pins, etc.
Camshaft drive - chain, two-stage, with automatic hydraulic chain tensioners; the use of hydraulic pushers of the valve mechanism eliminates the need to adjust the gaps.
The use of hydraulic devices and forcing the engine require high quality oil cleaning, so the engine uses a single-use full-flow oil filter ("superfilter") of increased efficiency. The additional filter element of the filter prevents the ingress of crude oil into the engine when starting a cold engine and clogging the main filter element.
The microprocessor-based ignition control system allows you to adjust the ignition timing, including the detonation parameter under changing engine operating modes, which allows you to provide the necessary indicators - power, economic and exhaust gas toxicity.
The auxiliary units (coolant pump and alternator) are driven by a flat V-ribbed belt.
The engine is equipped with a diaphragm clutch with elliptical-wound linings of the driven disk, which have a high durability.
ZMZ-406 - a line of in-line 4-cylinder 16-valve gasoline automobile internal combustion engines manufactured by Zavolzhsky Motor Plant OJSC. The ZMZ-406 engine was originally designed for installation on the promising GAZ-3105 model. The first prototypes of the engine appeared in 1993, the start of small-scale assembly in 1996, and the output to the main assembly line in 1997.
The engine was originally designed for modern microprocessor-controlled power and ignition systems; carburetor options appeared later (injector version - ZMZ-4062.10, carburetor - ZMZ-4061.10 and 4063.10). For the first time in Russian engine building, the following were used in the ZMZ-406 design: 4 valves per cylinder, hydraulic pushers, a 2-stage chain drive of 2 camshafts, an electronic fuel injection and ignition control system.
Specifications
| Production | ZMZ |
| Engine brand | ZMZ-406 |
| Release years | 1997-2008 |
| Block material | cast iron |
| Supply system | injector/carburetor |
| Type of | in-line |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Valves per cylinder | 4 |
| Piston stroke, mm | 86 |
| Cylinder diameter, mm | 92 |
| Compression ratio | 9.3 8* |
| Engine volume, cc | 2286 |
| Engine power, hp / rpm | 100/4500* 110/4500** 145/5200 |
| Torque, Nm/rpm | 177/3500* 186/3500** 201/4000 |
| Fuel | 92 76* |
| Environmental regulations | Euro 3 |
| Engine weight, kg | 185* 185** 187 |
| Fuel consumption, l/100 km - city - track - mixed. |
13.5 - - |
| Oil consumption, g/1000 km | up to 100 |
| Engine oil | 5W-30 / 5W-40 / 10W-30 / 10W-40 / 15W-40 / 20W-40 |
| How much oil is in the engine | 6 |
| When replacing pour, l | 5.4 |
| Oil change is carried out, km | 7000 |
| Operating temperature of the engine, hail. | ~90 |
| Engine resource, thousand km - according to the plant - on practice |
150 200+ |
* - for engine ZMZ 4061.10
** - for engine ZMZ 4063.10
ICE modifications 3M3-406
- 3M3-4062.10 - injection engine for AI-92 gasoline. It has a compression ratio of 9.3. Power - 150 hp For cars and minibuses GAZ 31054 of Lux configuration; GAZ 3102 (1996 - 2008).
- 3M3-40621.10 is a modification of the 3M3-4062.10 engine that complies with the Euro-2 environmental standard.
- 3M3-4063.10 is a carburetor version of the engine designed for installation on light commercial trucks and minibuses GAZ 3302, 33023, 2705, 3221, 32213, 322132, 32214, SemAR 3234, Ruta, Bogdan and Dolphin. Reduced to 8 compression ratio for gasoline A-76. Power - 110 hp
- 3M3-4061.10 - carburetor engine for light commercial vehicles GAZ 3302, 33023, 2705, 3221. The compression ratio for A-76 gasoline has been reduced to 8. Power - 100 hp
Common faults and operation
- Most often, owners complain about capricious carburetor versions;
- The timing chain has low reliability (it does not bend when the valve breaks);
- The ignition system delivers many problems, most often coils;
- Hydraulic lifters usually serve no more than 50,000 km, and then they start knocking;
- The oil scraper rings quickly lie down and the oil burner begins.
The carbureted 406th engine is less economical due to the impossibility of finely adjusting the supply of gasoline. It is almost impossible to more accurately adjust the amount of fuel, which is reflected in the performance and fuel consumption.
The injector is noticeably superior to the carburetor counterpart in terms of reliability, efficiency and power. One of the main positive qualities of injectors can be noted that there is no need to make mandatory adjustments to the motor. The power system here is not subject to clogging, there are no jets, fuel in the exact amount enters directly into the cylinders.
Engines of the ZMZ-4061.10 and 4063.10 models (left view):
1 - drain plug; 2 - oil sump; 3 - exhaust manifold; 4 - engine support bracket; 5 - coolant drain valve; 6 - water pump; 7 - emergency coolant temperature sensor; 8 - coolant temperature indicator sensor; 9 - engine temperature sensor; 10 - thermostat housing; 11 - emergency oil pressure sensor; 12 - oil pressure indicator sensor; 13 - oil level indicator (dipstick); 14 - ignition coil. 
Engines of the ZMZ-4061.10 and 4063.10 models (right view):
1 - synchronization disk; 2 - synchronization sensor; 3 - oil filter; 4 - starter; 5 - knock sensor; 6 - tube draining the coolant from the heater; 7 - inlet pipe; 8 - hydraulic chain tensioner; 9 - generator; 10 - alternator belt; 11 - water pump pulley; 12 - tension roller; 13 - fuel pump. 
Cross section ZMZ-4061.10 and 4063.10:
1 - oil sump; 2 - oil pump receiver; 3 - oil pump; 4 - oil pump drive; 5 - intermediate shaft gear; 6 - cylinder block; 7 - inlet pipe; 8 - ventilation pipes; 9 - intake camshaft; 10 - inlet valve; 11 - valve cover; 12 - exhaust camshaft; 13 - oil level indicator (dipstick); 14 - hydraulic valve pusher; 15 - outer spring of the valve; 16 - valve guide sleeve; 17 - exhaust valve; 18 - cylinder head; 19 - exhaust manifold; 20 - piston; 21 - piston pin; 22 - connecting rod; 23 - crankshaft; 24 - connecting rod cover; 25 - main bearing cap; 26 - drain plug; 27 - pusher body; 28 - guide sleeve; 29 - compensator body; 30 - retaining ring; 31 - compensator piston; 32 - ball valve; 33 - ball valve spring; 34 - body of the ball valve; 35 - expanding spring.
The GAZ car brand is known all over the world. In recent decades, the 406 engine manufactured by the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant has been installed as a power plant on the main products of this automobile giant. The design of this power unit has been worked out for several years. The foundation was laid at the end of the last century, it was then that the main concept of the ZMZ 406 was formulated. Today it is a promising energy-saturated unit capable of developing power up to 150 hp. With. (110 kW).
Technical characteristics of the ZMZ-406 engine
| PARAMETER | MEANING |
|---|---|
| Configuration type | in-line |
| Volume, cu. m | 2.28 |
| Cylinder diameter, mm | 92 |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Valves per cylinder | 4 |
| Piston stroke, mm | 86 |
| Block material | cast iron |
| Degree of compression, atmospheres | 9.3 |
| Cylinder head material | aluminum |
| Fuel system | injector or carburetor |
| Control block | Mikas |
| Fuel type | Petrol |
| Lubrication system | combined, with automatic temperature control |
| Power, hp / rpm | 145/5200 |
| Torque, Nm/rpm | 200,9 /4500 |
| Fuel | 92 |
| Environmental regulations | Euro 3 |
| Fuel consumption per 100 km, l | |
| - city | 13.5 |
| - track | - |
| - mixed | - |
| Oil consumption per 1000 km, gr | up to 100 |
| Weight, kg | 192 |
A four-cylinder engine with an in-line arrangement of cylinders, made according to the classical scheme, characteristic of the power plants of the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant, this is how you can start characterizing the 406 engine. The working volume is 2.28 liters.
The combustion chamber is distinguished by the central location of the spark plug. Timing ZMZ 406 is made quite original, which made it possible to compactly arrange the main elements of the power system.
The crankshaft speed at maximum power is 5200 rpm, and the maximum torque is observed at much lower speeds, which are 4000 rpm. in min. The engine maintains the minimum speed in the region of 750-800 rpm 406 at idle.
Design features of the 406 engine manufactured by ZMZ
The motor from the Saab-900 sports car was taken as a prototype for the project. The first ZMZ-406 gasoline engines appeared in the early eighties of the last century.
ZMZ-406 has some features:
- The block is cast iron. It is, of course, heavier than aluminum, but the use of this metal makes it possible to abandon replaceable liners (cylinders). In this regard, the rigidity of the structure has increased.
- In the upper part, two timing belts ZMZ 406 are installed (gas distribution shafts of the intake-exhaust system). Each of the shafts is responsible either for the intake of a fresh charge of the working mixture, or for the exhaust gases.
- There are four valves in the head for each cylinder. That is, sixteen valves are installed on the entire four-cylinder. Such an amount increases the efficiency of cylinder scavenging during exhaust gas release and increases the filling ratio of the cylinders with fresh working mixture.
- A special innovation was used for the first time on this particular power unit - a hydraulic chain tensioner. He made it possible to maintain optimal tension in the timing drive ZMZ 406. This technical solution was then repeated in dozens of other designs. But the ZMZ 406 timing was the first in the domestic engine industry, where this was applied.
- For this engine, options were thought out to reduce the piston stroke, which is only 86 mm, while the cylinder diameter is 92 mm. This approach made it possible to increase the compression ratio to 9.3. This is a very high value. But in theory it is argued that with an increase in the degree of compression, the efficiency of the power plant also increases. The short stroke movement of the piston contributes to better filling.
- ZMZ 406 is solved according to the traditional scheme. The coolant is moved by the ZMZ 406 pump through the block, block head and radiator.
- There is also a feature - a flat V-ribbed belt is used, which excludes the possibility of an unexpected break.
- The ZMZ 406 thermostat allows you to organize circulation in a small circle during the engine warm-up period, and when the warm-up temperature is reached, the thermostat opens, letting the coolant flow in a large circle.
- The ZMZ 406 crankshaft pulley transmits torque to the ZMZ 406 pump shaft, which supplies coolant to the car’s stove, maintaining an optimal microclimate in the cab during the cold season.
- The coolant temperature sensor helps the driver to constantly monitor the temperature.
- The 406 engine is not without a lubrication system. With a gear pump, engine oil moves from the oil pan, is supplied under pressure for cleaning, where impurities larger than 40 microns are removed in the ZMZ 406 oil filter. Purified oil is forcibly supplied to the channels of the ZMZ 406 crankshaft, moving inside the main and connecting rod journals, providing stable lubrication in these units, which are experiencing enormous alternating loads. Part of the oil under pressure moves further, lubricating the piston pin. Then the oil gets on the surface of the piston. The piston interacts with the mirror of the cylinder of the ZMZ 406 engine through an oil film formed in the contact zone.
Difference between injection and carburetor fuel system
During the first decade of the ZMZ 406 release, the carburetor engine was responsible for preparing the working mixture. Now an injection modification of this motor is being produced.
The use of an injector facilitated starting, improved throttle response and reduced fuel consumption. What is the reason here?
It is known from the theory of internal combustion engines that an increase in the performance of a carburetor depends on the speed of the crankshaft. The increase in the consumption of the combustible mixture occurs as this indicator increases. A sharp press on the accelerator pedal causes the relative content of gasoline vapors to increase in the ZMZ 406 carburetor. The excess air ratio is slightly reduced, which leads to an increase in torque and an increase in the crankshaft speed.
The ZMZ 406 engine injector works a little differently. The microprocessor helps here, which clearly responds to the position of the control pedal. If it is necessary to increase the speed and lightly press the pedal, more fuel is injected into the cylinder. The time interval between the load and its correction in any injection engine is reduced by several times. This increases the throttle response, improves the dynamics of the Gazelle or the Volga (depending on which car the ZMZ 406 injector is installed on).
The main reason for the high efficiency of the injection system compared to the carburetor is the absence of jets that regularly clog.
This led to the need for periodic purging, and often mechanical cleaning of small diameter holes. Of course, if the injection system fails on the road, then not every driver will be able to fix it on their own.
Engine tuning
Tuning ZMZ 406 is a way to change the output. Many drivers are looking for ways to improve the performance of their cars.
Someone is not satisfied with the available power, others are embarrassed by the voracity of the motor, others simply want to excel by choosing one or another option that they want to optimize.
The first thing that powerplant specialists do is increase power:
- You can simply bore the cylinder and use larger diameter pistons. But this path is fraught with a decrease in the strength of the block.
- More often they go the other way - they force by increasing the air supply due to mechanically driven turbines or using a turbocharger.
The first way is simpler, but it should be noted that it is required to create a mechanism with a high gear ratio - the turbine speed is at the level of 10-15 thousand revolutions per minute. Such a drive, boosting the motor, creating tuning ZMZ 406, is difficult to perform. More often they go the way of using a turbocharger.
The turbocharger uses the energy of the exhaust gas to operate. ZMZ 406 turbo on the exhaust part, a gas inlet to the turbocharging system is installed. There is also a compressor on the same shaft with the turbine, which pumps a clean charge of air into the cylinders of the ZMZ 406 engine. The filling is growing. The cyclic fuel supply increases proportionally, which leads to an increase in the amount of the working mixture in the cylinder, and, accordingly, the gas pressure also increases, which leads to an increase in torque. Further, the power increases.
In the theory of internal combustion engines, it is stated that an increase in power during turbocharging is accompanied by a decrease in specific fuel consumption. ZMZ 406 tuning in this way allows you to improve not only the dynamics of the car, but also improve its efficiency.
In the eighties of the last century, another direction of boost was worked out - this is dynamic boost, the essence of which was to select the parameters of the intake system so that the frequency of the air flow pulsations at the intake corresponded to the resonant frequency of the system itself.
Mathematical models were proposed to calculate the optimal diameters and lengths of the intake system. A number of specialists also installed mechanical resonators, which, through special membranes, transmitted impulses from the exhaust system to the intake system. This way allows not to change the engine 406 radically, but at the same time to achieve an increase in power and a decrease in specific fuel consumption.
The ZMZ 406 engine can be modified even easier. It is enough to grind the inlet and outlet channels in the power system. This optimization, when combined with the GAZelle 406 engine, makes it possible to achieve improved dynamics. The combination of ZMZ 406 on UAZ with polished channels will pleasantly surprise the user, the car will pleasantly resemble an energy-saturated passenger car.
Popular mistakes of motorists
The pursuit of increased power for some motorists comes down only to altering the ZMZ 406 engine. But not all alterations are good. And some are harmful, this is the opposite of tuning or anti-tuning:
- There are rumors on the Internet that you can increase engine power by reducing the mass of the flywheel. At the same time, the authors rest on the fact that the flywheel takes power and increases the weight of the engine. In fact, the flywheel stores the energy that this engine receives in the “power stroke” cycle to complete the remaining cycles in a four-stroke engine. With an increase in the number of cylinders, the relative mass of the flywheel decreases, but this is due to a change in the number of strokes per revolution of the crankshaft, since more pistons are involved in the work. Ideally, if you bring the number of working cylinders to infinity, then the flywheel will not be needed at all.
- There are experts who recommend installing air swirlers in the intake system. But such specialists do not understand that when the air flow moves, a turbulent flow regime is observed. Turbulence, by definition, is movement with a vortex flow, which Bernoulli proved more than 150 years ago. Excessive interference will only reduce the amount of air charge and reduce power, which will also affect the efficiency of the engine.
- Recently, ideas have also appeared to heat the air at the inlet - they say, the 406 engine will add injector power. But this is not true. The charge density of air decreases with heating and constant pressure. Consequently, its total amount also decreases. And this leads to the fact that the pressure drops during the combustion of the mixture, the power drops instead of increasing.
- There are also authors who have been saying for more than forty years that the injector should be supplied with droplets of water into the inlet tract of the ZMZ 406. But remember that designers are looking for ways to separate fuel and water so that the combustion process goes more intensively. Water, getting inside the cylinder at high temperature, will begin to cause intense corrosion. When fuel is burned, the exhaust gas contains carbon monoxide and water vapor. Those who have been operating motors for a long time know that the ZMZ 406 engine does not need to use ways that impair its reliability.
- A group of "specialists" also appeared who recommend optimizing the engine by replacing the chain tensioner. They advocate the installation of an electric tensioner, while the scheme of a vicious device should be redeemed from them for a lot of money. It's already absurd - to pay to ruin the power plant.
Therefore, listening to the advice of various experts, it should be remembered that designers do not understand their business much better than ordinary people. It is not in vain that they refuse many ideas that will ruin the engine.
What cars use the ZMZ-406 engine
The modern engine of the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant of the 406th model is installed on GAZ-3110 Volga passenger cars and trucks 3302.
The motor and automobile plants of the Nizhny Novgorod region constantly monitor their products, collect information on the operation of the manufactured equipment.
Of course, sometimes there are certain conflict situations.
They are related to the fact that drivers apply for:
- troit Gazelle engine;
- timing marks are not visible;
- nozzles fail;
- the pump fails;
- ZMZ piston;
- oil filter leaking
- the thermostat is unstable;
- the main technical characteristics and others are not maintained.
Manufacturers always try to provide assistance through their service centers, which are scattered throughout Russia and the CIS.